New medicines require testing because researchers must measure both the beneficial and the harmful effects of a compound on a whole organism. A medicine is initially tested in vitro using tissues and isolated organs, but legally and ethically it must also be tested in a suitable animal model before clinical trials in humans can take place. The animal tests provide data on efficacy and safety. They not only identify potential safety concerns, but also determine the doses which will be given to volunteers and patients during the first human trials. Testing on animals also serves to protect consumers, workers and the environment from the harmful effects of chemicals. All chemicals for commercial or personal use must be tested so that their effect on the people and animals exposed to them is understood. The chemicals that we use day-to-day can accumulate in the water, ground or air around us, and their potential impact on the environment must be researched thoroughly.

Animals and humans are living in closer proximity than ever before due to urbanization, deforestation, climate change, population growth, increases in mobility, and the intensification of the livestock industry. This means that diseases that jump from animals to humans (zoonoses) are on the rise and can spread in a matter of hours or days. The most damaging outbreaks of high impact diseases in recent decades have had an animal source, including H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza, H1N1 pandemic influenza, Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) even wider devastating impacts on these communities. When compounded with poverty, inadequate sanitary standards and lack of resilience, they can quickly wipe out much of the development that a country has achieved. In many developing countries, hunting and the consumption of meat from wild animals is a common cultural practice, contributing to a large part of daily diets, and increasing the risk of zoonotic transmission.

Climate change, biodiversity loss, deforestation, air and water pollution are not confined by human-imposed boundaries as waterways, watersheds, oceans, biodiversity, ecosystems and the atmosphere tend to span countries, continents or the globe. Perhaps the most ubiquitous international environmental issue is climate change. Climate change cooperation has been stalled by North-South contentions surrounding inequalities, the right to development, financial support, technology transfer and the ability of the world's most vulnerable nations to adapt. Moreover, in a highly globalized world, raw materials, finished goods and waste are transported across nations and continents. Often times resulting in environmental degradation and pollution throughout the entire life cycle of a product or process.

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