Immunotherapy is an open access rapid peer reviewed journal. It is a bimonthly journal.  Below we discuss about Allergen immunotherapy Types and side effects.

A cancer vaccine is a vaccine that either treats existing cancer or prevents development of cancer. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Some or many of the vaccines are "autologous", being prepared from samples taken from the patient, and are specific to that patient. Some researchers claim that cancerous cells routinely arise and are destroyed by the immune system and that tumors form when the immune system fails to destroy them. Some types of cancer, such as cervical cancer and liver cancer, are caused by viruses. Traditional vaccines against those viruses, such as the HPV vaccine and the hepatitis B vaccine, prevent those types of cancer. Other cancers are to some extent caused by bacterial infections (e.g. stomach cancer and Helicobacter pylori. Traditional vaccines against cancer-causing bacteria (oncobacteria) are not further discussed in this article.

Method

One approach to cancer vaccination is to separate proteins from cancer cells and immunize patients against those proteins as antigens, in the hope of stimulating the immune system to kill the cancer cells. Research on cancer vaccines is underway for treatment of breast, lung, colon, skin, kidney, prostate and other cancers.

Another approach is to generate an immune response in situ in the patient using Oncolytic viruses. This approach was used in the drug talimogene laherparepvec, a variant of herpes simplex virus engineered to selectively replicate in tumor tissue and to express the immune stimulatory protein GM-CSF. This enhances the anti-tumor immune response to tumor antigens released following viral lysis and provides a patient-specific vaccine.

Clinical Trials on Cancer Vaccines

In a Phase III trial of follicular lymphoma, a type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma investigators reported that the BiovaxID on average prolonged remission by 44.2 months, versus 30.6 months for the control.

On April 8, 2008, New York–based Company Antigenics announced that it had received approval for the first therapeutic cancer vaccine in Russia. It is the first approval by a regulatory body of a cancer immunotherapy. The treatment, Oncophage, increased recurrence-free survival by a little more than a year according to the results of a phase III clinical trial. The approval is for a subset of kidney cancer patients who are at intermediate risk for disease recurrence.

On April 14, 2009, Dendreon Corporation announced that their Phase III clinical trial of Sipuleucel-T, a cancer vaccine designed to treat prostate cancer, had demonstrated an increase in survival. It received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer patients on April 29, 2010.

Oncophage was approved in Russia in 2008 for kidney cancer. It is marketed by Antigenics Inc. Sipuleucel-T, Provenge, was approved by the FDA in April 2010 for metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was approved by the FDA in 1990 as a vaccine for early-stage bladder cancer. BCG can be administered intra-vesically or as an adjuvant in other cancer vaccines.

Immunotherapy: Open Access   is an open access rapid peer reviewed journal in the field of treatment procedures. Journal announces papers for the upcoming issue. Interested can submit their manuscript through online portal.

Submit manuscript at https://www.longdom.org/submissions/immunotherapy-open-access.html or send as an e-mail attachment to the Editorial Office at immunotherarpy@longdomjournal.org

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Immunotherapy: Open Access

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