Penguins are a set of aquatic flightless birds. They stay nearly solely with inside the Southern Hemisphere, with simplest one species, the Galápagos penguin, located north of the Equator. Highly tailored for lifestyles with inside the water, penguins have counter shaded darkish and white plumage and flippers for swimming. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid and different kinds of sea lifestyles which they seize even as swimming underwater. They spend kind of 1/2 of in their lives on land and the opposite 1/2 of with inside the sea. Although nearly all penguin species are local to the Southern Hemisphere, they may be now no longer located simplest in bloodless climates, which include Antarctica. In fact, just a few species of penguin stay to this point south. Several species are located with inside the temperate zone; however one species, the Galápagos penguin, lives close to the Equator. The biggest residing species is the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri): on common, adults are approximately 1.1 m (three toes 7 in) tall and weigh 35 kg (seventy seven lb). The smallest penguin species is the little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor), additionally called the fairy penguin, which stands round 33 cm (thirteen in) tall and weighs 1 kg (2.2 lb). Among extant penguins, large penguins inhabit chillier areas, even as smaller penguins are typically located in temperate or maybe tropical climates. Some prehistoric species attained substantial sizes, turning into as tall or as heavy as a person human. These had been now no longer constrained to Antarctic areas; at the contrary, sub Antarctic areas harboured excessive diversity, and as a minimum one massive penguin took place in a place round 2,000 km south of the Equator 35 mya, in a weather decidedly hotter than today.

The evolutionary records of penguins are nicely-researched and represent a show off of evolutionary biogeography. Although penguin bones of someone species range an awful lot in length and few appropriate specimens are known, the alpha taxonomy of much prehistoric bureaucracy nevertheless leaves an awful lot to be desired. Some seminal articles approximately penguin prehistory had been posted for the reason that 2005; the evolution of the residing genera may be taken into consideration resolved with the aid of using now. The basal penguins lived across the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction occasion someplace with inside the well-known vicinity of (southern) New Zealand and Byrd Land, Antarctica. Due to plate tectonics, those regions had been at that point much less than 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) aside in place of the 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) of today. The maximum latest not unusual place ancestor of penguins and their sister clade may be kind of dated to the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary, round 70–sixty eight mya. What may be stated as sincerely as feasible with inside the absence of direct (i.e., fossil) proof is that, with the aid of using the stop of the Cretaceous, the penguin lineage should had been evolutionarily nicely distinct, aleven though an awful lot much less so morphologically; it in all fairness possibly that they had been now no longer but absolutely flightless at that point, as flightless birds have typically low resilience to the breakdown of trophic webs that follows the preliminary section of mass extinctions due to their below-common dispersal capabilities (see additionally Flightless cormorant).

You can submit your manuscript via www.longdom.org/submissions/entomology-ornithology-herpetology-current-research.html  or send as an e-mail attachment to the Editorial Office at manuscripts@longdom.org

With Regards
Alex john
Editorial Assistant
Entomology, Ornithology & Herpetology: Current Research