Different areas of the ocean can be classified as different types of marine ecosystems. An ecosystem is defined as "a community and the interactions of living and nonliving things in an area." Marine ecosystems have distinct organisms and characteristics that result from the unique combination of physical factors that create them. Marine ecosystems include: the abyssal plain (areas like deep sea coral, whale falls, and brine pools), polar regions such as the Antarctic and Arctic, coral reefs, the deep sea (such as the community found in the abyssal water column), hydrothermal vents, kelp forests, mangroves, the open ocean, rocky shores, salt marshes and mudflats, and sandy shores.

The hydrosphere connects all freshwater and saltwater systems. Salinity, or high salt content, and global circulation make marine ecosystems different from other aquatic ecosystems. Other physical factors that determine the distribution of marine ecosystems are geology, temperature, tides, light availability, and geography.

Some marine ecosystems are very productive. Near-shore regions, including estuaries, salt marshes, and mangrove forests, teem with life. Others, like the abyssal plain at the bottom of the ocean, contain pockets of life that are spread far apart from one another. Some marine ecosystems, like the deep sea, are in constant darkness where photosynthesis cannot occur. Other ecosystems, like rocky shores, go through extreme changes in temperature, light availability, oxygen levels, and other factors on a daily basis. The organisms that inhabit various marine ecosystems are as diverse as the ecosystems themselves. They must be highly adapted to the physical conditions of the ecosystem in which they live. For example, organisms that live in the deep sea have adapted to the darkness by creating their own light source—photophores are cells on their bodies that light up to attract prey or potential mates. Many parts of the ocean remain unexplored and much still remains to be learned about marine ecosystems.

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